Silicon blades for surgical and non-surgical use

ABSTRACT

Ophthalmic surgical blades are manufactured from either a crystalline or polycrystalline material, preferably in the form of a wafer. The method comprises preparing the crystalline or polycrystalline wafers by mounting them and machining trenches into the wafers. Methods for machining the trenches, which form the bevel blade surfaces, include a diamond blade saw, laser system, ultrasonic machine, a hot forge press and a router. The wafers are then placed in an etchant solution which isotropically etches the wafers in a uniform manner, such that layers of crystalline or polycrystalline material are removed uniformly, producing single, double or multiple bevel blades. Nearly any bevel angle can be machined into the wafer which remains after etching. The resulting radii of the blade edges is 5-500 nm, which is the same caliber as a diamond edged blade, but manufactured at a fraction of the cost. The ophthalmic surgical blades can be used for cataract and refractive surgical procedures, as well as microsurgical, biological and non-medical, non-biological purposes.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/503,459, filed Sep. 17, 2003, the entire content of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to ophthalmic and other types of surgical and non-surgical use blades. More particularly, the invention relates ophthalmic, micro-surgical and non-surgical blades manufactured from silicon and other crystalline materials.

2. Description of the Related Art

Existing surgical blades are manufactured via several different methodologies, each method having its own peculiar advantages and disadvantages. The most common method of manufacture is to mechanically grind stainless steel. The blade is subsequently honed (through a variety of different methods such as ultrasonic slurrying, mechanical abrasion and lapping) or is electrochemically polished to achieve a sharp edge. The advantage of these methods is that they are proven, economical processes to make disposable blades in high volume. The greatest disadvantage of these processes is that the edge quality is variable, in that achieving superior sharpness consistency is still a challenge. This is primarily due to the inherent limitations of the process itself. Blade edge radii can range from 30 nm to 1000 nm.

A relatively new method of blade manufacture employs coining of the stainless steel in lieu of grinding. The blade is subsequently electrochemically polished to achieve a sharp edge. This process has been found to be more economical than the grinding method. It has also been found to produce blades with better sharpness consistency. The disadvantage of this method is that the sharpness consistency is still less than that achieved by the diamond blade manufacturing process. The use of metal blades in soft tissue surgery is prevalent today due to their disposable cost and their improved quality.

Diamond blades are the gold standard in sharpness in many surgical markets, especially in the ophthalmic surgery market. Diamond blades are known to be able to cleanly cut soft tissue with minimal tissue resistance. The use of diamond blades is also desired due to their consistent sharpness, cut after cut. Most high-volume surgeons will use diamond blades since the ultimate sharpness and sharpness variability of metal blades is inferior to that of diamond. The manufacturing process used to make diamond blades employs a lapping process to achieve an exquisitely sharp and consistent edge radius. The resultant blade edge radii range from 5 nm to 30 nm. The disadvantage of this process is that it is slow and as a direct result, the cost to manufacture such diamond blades ranges from $500 to $5000. Therefore, these blades are sold for reuse applications. This process is currently used on other, less hard materials, such as rubies and sapphires, to achieve the same sharpness at a lesser cost. However, while less expensive than diamonds, ruby and/or sapphire surgical quality blades still suffer from the disadvantage that the cost of manufacture is relatively high, ranging from $50 to $500, and their edges only last through about two hundred cases. Therefore, these blades are sold for reuse and limited reuse applications.

There have been a few proposals for the manufacture of surgical blades using silicon. However, in one form or another, these processes are limited in their ability to manufacture blades in various configurations and at a disposable cost. Many of the prior proposals are based on anisotropic etching of silicon. The anisotropic etching process is one where the etching is highly directional, with different etch rates in different directions. This process can produce a sharp cutting edge. However, due to the nature of the process, it is limited by the blade shapes and included bevel angles that can be attained. Wet bulk anisotropic etching processes, such as those employing potassium hydroxide (KOH), ethylene-diamine/pyrcatechol (EDP) and trimethyl-2-hydroxethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) baths, etch along a particular crystalline plane to achieve a sharp edge. This plane, typically the (111) plane in silicon <100>, is angled 54.7° from the surface plane in the silicon wafers. This creates a blade with an included bevel angle of 54.7°, which has been found to be clinically unacceptable in most surgical applications as too obtuse. This application is even worse when this technique is applied to making double bevel blades, for the included bevel angle is 109.4°. The process is further limited to the blade profiles that it can produce. The etch planes are arranged 90° to each other in the wafer. Therefore, only blades with rectangular profiles can be produced.

Thus, a need exists to manufacture blades that address the shortcomings of the methods discussed above. The system and method of the present invention can make blades with the sharpness of diamond blades at the disposable cost of the stainless steel methods. In addition, the system and method of the present invention can produce blades in high volume and with tight process control. Further, the system and method of the present invention can produce surgical and various other types of blades with both linear and non-linear blade bevels.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The above described disadvantages are overcome and a number of advantages are realized by the present invention which relates to a system and method for the manufacturing of surgical blades from a crystalline or polycrystalline material, such as silicon, which provides for the machining of trenches in a crystalline or polycrystalline wafer, by various means, at any desired bevel angle or blade configuration. The machined crystalline or polycrystalline wafers are then immersed in an isotropic etching solution which uniformly removes layer after layer of molecules of the wafer material, in order to form a cutting edge of uniform radius, and of sufficient quality for soft tissue surgery applications. The system and method of the invention provides a very inexpensive means for the manufacture of such high quality surgical blades.

It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a method for manufacturing a surgical blade, comprising the steps of mounting a silicon or other crystalline or polycrystalline wafer on a mounting assembly, machining one or more trenches on a first side of the crystalline or polycrystalline wafer with a router, to form either linear or non-linear trenches, etching the first side of the crystalline or polycrystalline wafer to form one or more surgical blades, singulating the surgical blades, and assembling the surgical blades.

It is a further object of the invention to provide a method for manufacturing a surgical blade, comprising the steps of mounting a crystalline or polycrystalline wafer on a mounting assembly, machining one or more trenches on a first side of the crystalline or polycrystalline wafer with a router, to form either linear or non-linear trenches, coating the first side of the crystalline or polycrystalline wafer with a coating, dismounting the crystalline or polycrystalline wafer from the mounting assembly, and remounting the first side of the crystalline or polycrystalline wafer on the mounting assembly, machining a second side of the crystalline or polycrystalline wafer, etching the second side of the crystalline or polycrystalline wafer to form one or more surgical blades, singulating the surgical blades, and assembling the surgical blades.

It is still a further object of the invention to provide a method for manufacturing a surgical blade, comprising the steps of mounting a crystalline or polycrystalline wafer on a mounting assembly, machining one or more trenches on a first side of the crystalline or polycrystalline wafer with a router, to form either linear or non-linear trenches, dismounting the crystalline or polycrystalline wafer from the mounting assembly, and remounting the first side of the crystalline or polycrystalline wafer on the mounting assembly, machining a second side of the crystalline or polycrystalline wafer with a router, to form either linear or non-linear trenches, etching the second side of the crystalline or polycrystalline wafer to form one or more surgical blades, converting a layer of the crystalline or polycrystalline material to form a hardened surface, singulating the surgical blades, and assembling the surgical blades.

It is yet another object of the invention to provide several exemplary embodiments of surgical blades for ophthalmic, microsurgical, heart, eye, ear, brain, re-constructive and cosmetic surgical and biological uses, as well as various non-medical or non-biological uses manufactured in accordance with the methods described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features and advantages of the present invention will best be understood by reference to the detailed description of the preferred embodiments which follows, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a flow diagram of a method for manufacturing a double bevel surgical blade from silicon according to a first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates a flow diagram of a method for manufacturing a single bevel surgical blade from silicon according to a second embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates a flow diagram of an alternative method for manufacturing a single bevel surgical blade from silicon according to a third embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates a silicon wafer mounted on a mounting assembly, top view;

FIG. 5 illustrates a silicon wafer mounted on a mounting assembly with tape, side view;

FIG. 6 illustrates the use of a laser waterjet for pre-cutting a silicon wafer to assist in the machining of trenches in the silicon wafer according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 7A-7D illustrate dicing saw blade configurations used to machine trenches in a silicon wafer according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 illustrates the operation of a dicing saw blade through a silicon wafer mounted on support backing according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 8A-8C illustrate a use of slots when machining trenches in a silicon wafer with a dicing saw blade according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 9 illustrates a cross-section view of a dicing saw blade machining a trench in a silicon wafer that is tape mounted according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate a silicon surgical blade with a single bevel cutting edge and a silicon surgical blade with a double bevel cutting edge respectively, made in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 11 illustrates a block diagram of a laser system used to machine trenches in a silicon wafer according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 12 illustrates a block diagram of an ultrasonic machining system used to machine trenches in a silicon wafer according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 13 illustrates a diagram of a hot-forging system used to form trenches in a silicon wafer according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 14 illustrates a silicon wafer with machined trenches on both sides, and a coating applied to one of the machined sides according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 15 illustrates a cross-section view of a dicing saw blade machining a second trench in a silicon wafer that is tape mounted according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 16 illustrates a cross-section image of a silicon wafer that has been machined trenched on both sides according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 17A and 17B illustrate an isotropic etching process performed on a silicon wafer with machined trenches on both sides according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 18A and 18B illustrate an isotropic etching process on a silicon wafer with machined trenches on both sides, and a coating layer on one side according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 19 illustrates a resultant cutting edge of a double bevel silicon surgical blade with a coating on one side manufactured according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 20A-20G illustrate various examples of surgical blades that can be manufactured in accordance with the method of the present invention;

FIGS. 21A and 21B illustrate a side view of the blade edge of a silicon surgical blade manufactured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, and a stainless steel surgical blade, at 5,000× magnification, respectively;

FIGS. 22A and 22B illustrate a top view of the blade edge of a silicon surgical blade manufactured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, and a stainless steel blade, at 10,000× magnification, respectively;

FIGS. 23A and 23B illustrate an isotropic etching process on a silicon wafer with a machined trench on one side, and a coating layer on an opposite side according to a further embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 24 illustrates a post-slot assembly of a handle and a surgical blade manufactured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 25A and 25B illustrate profile perspectives of a blade edge made of a crystalline material, and a blade edge made of a crystalline material that includes a layer conversion process in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 26-29 illustrate the steps of using a router to machine linear or non-linear trenches in a crystalline material according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 30 illustrates a flow diagram of a method for routing linear or non-linear trenches in a crystalline material according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 31A-31C illustrate a double bevel multiple facet blade manufactured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 32A-32D illustrate a variable double bevel blade manufactured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 33A-33D illustrate a first and second embodiment of a first example of a surgical blade that can be used for ophthalmic and other micro-surgical purposes manufactured in accordance with the methods of the present invention;

FIGS. 34A-34C illustrate a second example of a surgical blade that can be used for ophthalmic and other micro-surgical purposes manufactured in accordance with the methods of the present invention;

FIGS. 35A-35C illustrate a third example of a surgical blade that can be used for ophthalmic and other micro-surgical purposes manufactured in accordance with the methods of the present invention;

FIGS. 36A-36C illustrate a fourth example of a surgical blade that can be used for ophthalmic and other micro-surgical purposes manufactured in accordance with the methods of the present invention;

FIGS. 37A-37C illustrate various manufacturing parameters of a surgical blade manufactured in accordance with the embodiments of the invention;

FIGS. 38A and 38B illustrate an additional manufacturing parameter of a surgical blade manufactured in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention; and

FIG. 39 illustrates a comparison of a range of edge radii for blades manufactured from metal and blades manufactured from silicon in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The various features of the preferred embodiments will now be described with reference to the drawing figures, in which like parts are identified with the same reference characters. The following description of the presently contemplated best mode of practicing the invention is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but is provided merely for the purpose of describing the general principles of the invention.

The system and method of the present invention provides for the manufacture of surgical blades to be used for incising soft tissue. Although the preferred embodiment is shown to be a surgical blade, numerous cutting devices can also be fabricated in accordance with the methods discussed in detail below. Therefore, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art of the invention that although reference is made to “surgical blades” throughout these discussions, numerous other types of cutting devices can be fabricated, including, for example, medical razors, lancets, hypodermic needles, sample collection cannula and other medical sharps. Additionally, the blades manufactured according to the system and method of the present invention can be used as blades in other, non-medical uses, including, for example, shaving and laboratory uses (i.e., tissue sampling). Additionally, although reference is made throughout the discussions below to ophthalmic use, numerous other types of medical uses include, but are not limited to, eye, heart, ear, brain, cosmetic and reconstructive surgeries.

Although well known to those skilled in the art, the terms single bevel, double bevel and facets shall be defined. A single bevel refers to one bevel on a blade, where the resulting sharp cutting edge is on the same plane as the blade's primary surface. See, for example, FIG. 10A, discussed in greater detail below. A double bevel refers to two bevels on a blade where the resulting sharp cutting edge is on substantially the same plane as the center line throughout the resulting blade, as depicted in FIGS. 10B, 20A and 31C. A facet is a flat edge present on a bevel. On any blade, there can one, two, or multiple facets present per bevel. Thus, on any one blade, there can be multiple sharp edges (or, i.e., multiple sets of bevels, and each bevel can have single or multiple facets.

The preferred base material that the blades will be manufactured from is crystalline silicon with a preferred crystal orientation. However, other orientations of silicon are suitable, as well as other materials that can be isotropically etched. For example, silicon wafers with orientation <110> and <111> can also be used, as well as silicon wafers doped at various resistivity and oxygen content levels. Also, wafers made of other materials can be used, such as silicon nitride and gallium arsenide. Wafer form is the preferred format for the base material. In addition to crystalline materials, polycrystalline materials can also be used to manufacture surgical blades. Examples of these polycrystalline materials include polycrystalline silicon. It will be understood that the term “crystalline” as used herein will be used to refer to both crystalline and polycrystalline materials.

Therefore, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art of the invention that although reference is made to “silicon wafers” throughout these discussions, any of the aforementioned materials in combination with various orientations can be used in accordance with the various embodiments of the present invention, as well as other suitable materials and orientations that might become available.

FIG. 1 illustrates a flow diagram of a method for manufacturing a double bevel surgical blade from silicon according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The method of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 describe generally processes which can be used to manufacture silicon surgical blades according to the present invention. However, the order of the steps of the method illustrated in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 can be varied to create silicon surgical blades of different criteria, or to meet different manufacturing environments.

For example, although FIG. 1, as shown and described below, illustrates a method for manufacturing a double bevel blade in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention, this method can be utilized to manufacture multiple (i.e., three or more) facets per cutting edge. FIGS. 31A-C illustrate such a blade, and is described in greater detail below. Furthermore, the method as shown and described can also be utilized to manufacture a variable double bevel blade, as shown in FIG. 32. FIG. 32 is also described in greater detail below. Additionally, as a further example of a single blade with two (or more) cutting surfaces with two (or more) bevel angles, the blades illustrated in FIGS. 20B and 20D can be manufactured with the methods shown and described herein, with different bevel angles for the multiple blades edges. As such, the method of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 are meant to be representative of general embodiments of the method according to the present invention, in that there are many different permutations which include the same steps that can result in a manufactured silicon surgical blade in accordance with the spirit and scope of the present invention.

The method of FIG. 1 is used to manufacture a double bevel surgical blade, preferably with a crystalline material such as silicon, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, and begins with step 1002. In step 1002, the silicon wafer is mounted on mounting assembly 204. In FIG. 4, the silicon wafer 202 is shown mounted on a wafer frame/UV tape assembly (mounting assembly) 204. The mounting assembly 204 is a common method to handle silicon wafer material in the semiconductor industry. One skilled in the art can appreciate that mounting the silicon (crystalline) wafer 202 upon a wafer mounting assembly 204 is not necessary for the manufacture of surgical blades according to the preferred embodiments of the invention

FIG. 5 illustrates the same silicon wafer 202 mounted on the same mounting assembly 204 but in a side view (left or right; it is symmetrical, though that need not be the case). In FIG. 5, silicon wafer 202 is mounted on tape 308 which is then mounted on mounting assembly 204. Silicon wafer 202 has a first side 304 and a second side 306.

Referring again to FIG. 1, decision step 1004 follows step 1002. Decision step 1004 determines whether an optional pre-cut is to be made in silicon wafer 202, in step 1006, if so desired. This pre-cut can be performed by a laser waterjet 402, as shown in FIG. 6. In FIG. 6, laser waterjet 402 is shown directing laser beam 404 onto silicon wafer 202, which is mounted on mounting assembly 204. As can be seen in FIG. 6, various pre-cut holes (or through-hole fiducials) 406 can be created in silicon wafer 202 as a result of the impact of the laser beam 404 with silicon wafer 202.

Silicon wafer 202 is ablated by the laser beam 404 upon silicon wafer 202. The ability of the laser beam 404 to ablate the silicon wafer 202 is related to the laser's wavelength λ. In the preferred embodiment, which uses a silicon wafer, the wavelength that yields the best results is 1064 nano-meters, typically provided by a YaG laser, though other types of lasers can be used as well. If a different crystalline or polycrystalline material is used, then other wavelengths and laser types will be more appropriate.

The resultant through-hole fiducials 406 (a plurality of holes can be cut in this manner) can be used as guides for machining trenches (discussed in detail with respect to step 1008 below), especially if a dicing saw blade is to be used to machine the trenches. Through-hole fiducials 406 can also be cut by any laser beam (e.g., an excimer laser or laser waterjet 402) for the same purpose. The pre-cut through-hole fiducials are typically cut in the shape of a plus “+” or a circle. However, the choice of through-hole fiducial shape is directed by the specific manufacturing tools and environment, and thus need not be limited to just the two aforementioned shapes.

In addition to the use of a laser beam to pre-cut through-hole fiducials, other mechanical machining methods can also be used. These include, for example, but are not limited to, drilling tools, mechanical grinding tools and an ultra-sonic machining tool 100. While use of the devices is novel with respect to the preferred embodiments of the invention, the devices and their general use are well known to those skilled in the art.

Precutting can be performed to silicon wafer 202 prior to machining trenches in order for silicon wafer 202 to maintain its integrity and not fall apart during the etching process. A laser beam (e.g., a laser waterjet 402 or excimer laser) can be used to scroll in elliptical through-hole slots for the dicing blade 502 (discussed in detail in reference to FIGS. 7A-7C) to begin machining trenches in silicon wafer 202 within its perimeter. The mechanical machining devices and methods (discussed above) used to create the through-hole fiducials can also be used to create the through-hole slots as well.

Referring again to FIG. 1, the next step is step 1008, which can follow either step 1006 (if through-hole fiducials 406 are cut into silicon wafer 202), or steps 1002 and 1004, which is the silicon wafer mounting step (“step” 1004 is not a physical manufacturing step; these decision steps are included to illustrate the total manufacturing process and its variances). In step 1008, trenches are machined into first side 304 of silicon wafer 202. There are several methods that can be used to machine the trenches, dependent on manufacturing conditions and the desired design of the finished silicon surgical blade product.

The methods for machining can employ either a dicing saw blade, laser system, an ultrasonic machining tool, a hot-forging process or a router. Other methods for machining can also be used. Each will be discussed in turn. The trench that is machined by any of these methods provides the angle (bevel angle) of the surgical blade. As the trench machine operates on silicon wafer 202, silicon material is removed, either in the shape of the dicing saw blade, the pattern formed by the excimer laser, or the pattern formed by an ultrasonic machining tool, in the desired shape of the surgical blade preform. In the case of a dicing saw blade, the silicon surgical blades will have only straight edges; in the latter two methods, the blades can be essentially any shape desired. In the case of a hot-forging process, the silicon wafer is heated to make it malleable, then pressed between two die, each one having a three dimensional form of the desired trenches to be “molded” into the heated, malleable silicon wafer. For purposes of this discussion, “machining” trenches encompasses all methods of manufacturing trenches in a silicon wafer, including those mentioned specifically, whether by a dicing saw blade, excimer laser, ultrasonic machine, router or a hot-forging process, and equivalent methods not mentioned. These methods of machining the trenches will now be discussed in detail.

FIGS. 7A-7D illustrate dicing saw blade configurations used to machine trenches in a silicon wafer according to an embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 7A, first dicing saw blade 502 exhibits angle Φ which will essentially be the resulting angle of the surgical blade after the entire manufacturing process has been completed. FIG. 7B illustrates second dicing saw blade 504, with two angled cutting surfaces, each exhibiting a cutting angle Φ. FIG. 7C illustrates third dicing saw blade 506 which also has cutting angle Φ, but has a slightly different configuration than that of first dicing saw blade 502. FIG. 7D illustrates a fourth dicing saw blade 508 with two angled cutting surfaces, similar to FIG. 7B, each exhibiting a cutting angle Φ.

Although each of the dicing saw blades 502, 504, 506 and 508 illustrated in FIGS. 7A-7D have the same cutting angle Φ, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the cutting angle can be different for different uses of the silicon based surgical blades. In addition, as will be discussed below, a single silicon surgical blade can have different cutting edges with different angles included therein. Second dicing saw blade 504 can be used to increase the manufacturing capacity for a particular design of a silicon based surgical blade, or, produce silicon surgical blades that have two or three cutting edges. Various examples of blade designs will be discussed in detail in reference to FIGS. 20A-20G. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the dicing saw blade will be a diamond grit saw blade.

A special dicing saw blade is used to machine channels in the first side 304 of the silicon wafer 202. The dicing saw blade composition is specifically chosen to provide the best resultant surface finish while maintaining acceptable wear life. The edge of the dicing saw blade is shaped with a profile that will shape the resultant channel in silicon wafer 202. This shape will correlate to the resultant blade bevel configuration. For instance, surgical blades typically have included bevel angles that range from 15° to 45° for single bevel blades and half included bevel angles that range from 15° to 45° for double bevel blades. Selection of a dicing saw blade in conjunction with etch conditions provides precise control of bevel angle.

FIG. 8 illustrates the operation of a dicing saw blade through a silicon wafer mounted on support backing according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 8 illustrates the operation of a dicing saw blade machine that is machining trenches in first side 304 of silicon wafer 202. In this example, any of the dicing saw blades of FIGS. 7A-7D (502, 504, 506 or 508) can be used to create the silicon based surgical blade edges. It should also be understood that the blade configurations of FIGS. 7A-7D are not the only possible configurations that can be created for dicing saw blades. FIG. 9 illustrates a cross section view of a dicing saw blade machining a trench in a silicon wafer that is tape mounted according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 9 illustrates a close up cross section view of the same dicing saw blade assembly shown in FIG. 8 actually penetrating silicon wafer 202. It can be seen that dicing saw blade 502 does not penetrate all the way through silicon wafer 202, but, for a single bevel cut, penetrates approximately 50-90% of the thickness of silicon wafer 202. This applies to any method used for machining (or molding, via hot-forging) a single bevel trench. For a double bevel cut by any dicing saw blade, or, any of the machining methods, approximately 25-49% of the thickness of silicon wafer 202 will be machined away (or molded) on each side of silicon wafer 202. FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate a silicon surgical blade with a single bevel cutting edge and a silicon surgical blade with a double bevel cutting edge respectively, made in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

As discussed above, slots can also be cut into the silicon wafer 202, especially if a dicing saw blade will be used to machine the trenches. Slots can be cut into the silicon wafer 202 in a fashion similar to the through-hole fiducials, i.e., with the laser water-jet or excimer laser, but serve a very different purpose. Recall that the through-hole fiducials are used by the trench machine in order to accurately position the silicon wafer 202 on the trench machine. This is especially useful when making double bevel blades, because the second machining (on the opposite side of the silicon wafer 202) must be accurately positioned to ensure a properly manufactured double bevel blade. Slots, however, are used for a different purpose. Slots allow the dicing saw blade to begin cutting the silicon wafer 202 away from the edge (as shown in FIG. 8), without splintering or breaking the silicon wafer 202. This is the preferred embodiment, as is shown in FIG. 8A. Referring to FIG. 8, it is apparent that if slots are not used, and the trenches are machined as shown, the machined silicon wafer 202 will be susceptible to breakage along the machined trenches because the silicon wafer is significantly thinner in those areas, and small stresses can cause it to break. That is, the machined silicon wafer of FIG. 8 lacks structural rigidity. Compare this to the silicon wafer of FIG. 8C. The machined silicon wafer 202 of FIG. 8C is much more rigid and leads to improved manufacturing throughput. Fewer silicon wafers 202 machined according to FIG. 8C will break than those of FIG. 8. As shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B, the slot is made wider than the dicing saw blade, and long enough to allow the dicing saw blade to be inserted into it to begin machining at the proper depth. Therefore, the dicing saw blade does not attempt to cut the silicon wafer 202 while it is moving downward, which causes splintering and breakage; the dicing saw blade begins to cut when it is moving in an horizontal manner, as it was designed to do. FIG. 8C illustrates a series of slots and machined trenches in a first side of a silicon wafer 202.

FIG. 11 illustrates a block diagram of a laser system used to machine trenches in a silicon wafer according to an embodiment of the invention. The trenches can also be ultrasonically machined as described in reference to FIG. 12, discussed in detail below. The advantage of these two methods is that blades can be manufactured with non-linear and complex cutting edge profiles, e.g. crescent blades, spoon blades, and scleratome blades. FIG. 11 illustrates a simplified laser machine assembly 900. The laser machine assembly 900 is comprised of a laser 902, which emits a laser beam 904, and a multi-axis control mechanisim 906 which rests on base 908. Of course, the laser machine assembly 900 can also comprise a computer, and possibly a network interface, which have been omitted for clarity.

When machining trenches with the laser machine assembly 900, the silicon wafer 202 is mounted on the mounting assembly 204 which also is adaptable to be manipulated by multi-axis control mechanisism 906. Through the use of laser machining assembly 900 and various light beam masking techniques, an array of blade profiles can be machined. The light beam mask is located inside laser 902, and through careful design, prevents laser 902 from ablating silicon material where it is not intended. For double bevel blades, the opposing side is machined the same way using the pre-cut chamfers 206A, 206B or fiducials 406 for alignment.

Laser 902 is used to accurately and precisely machine trench patterns (also referred to as an “ablation profile” in reference to use of a laser) into either first side 304 or second side 306 of silicon wafer 202 in preparation of the wet isotropic etching step (which is discussed in detail with reference to FIG. 1, step 1018). Multi-axis control and the use of internal laser light beam masks are used to raster the aforementioned ablation profiles in silicon wafer 202. As a result, a contoured trench is achieved that has shallow angled slopes that correspond to that which is required for the surgical blade product. Various curvilinear profile patterns can be achieved via this process. There are several types of lasers that can be used in this machining step. For example, an excimer laser or laser waterjet 402 can be used. The wavelength of the excimer laser 902 can range between 157 nm and 248 nm. Other examples include a YaG laser and lasers with a wavelength of 355 nanometers. Of course, one skilled in the art can appreciate that laser beams with certain wavelengths within the range of 150 nm to 11,000 nm can be used to machine trench patterns.

FIG. 12 illustrates a block diagram of an ultrasonic machining system used to machine trenches in a silicon wafer according to an embodiment of the present invention. Ultrasonic machining is performed by using a precisely machined ultrasonic tool 104 that is then used to machine, with abrasive slurry 102, first side 304 or second side 306 of silicon wafer 202. The machining is done to one side at a time. For double bevel blades, the opposing side is machined the same way using the through-hole fiducials 406 for alignment.

Ultrasonic machining is used to accurately and precisely machine trench patterns into the silicon wafer 202 surface in preparation for the wet isotropic etching step. Ultrasonic machining is performed by ultrasonically vibrating a mandrel/tool 104. Tool 104 does not come in contact with silicon wafer 202, but is in close proximity to silicon wafer 202 and excites abrasive slurry 102 by operation of ultrasonic waves emitted by tool 104. The ultrasonic waves emitted by tool 104 force abrasive slurry 102 to erode silicon wafer 202 to the corresponding pattern that is machined on tool 104.

Tool 104 is machined, via milling, grinding or electrostatic discharge machining (EDM), to create the trench pattern. The resultant pattern on the machined silicon wafer 202 corresponds to that which was machined on tool 104. The advantage of using an ultrasonic machining method over an excimer laser is that an entire side of silicon wafer 202 can have numerous blade trench patterns ultrasonically machined at the same time. Thus, the process is fast and relatively inexpensive. Also, like the excimer laser machining process, various curvilinear profile patterns can be achieved via this process.

FIG. 13 illustrates a diagram of a hot-forging system used to form trenches in a silicon wafer according to an embodiment of the invention. The trench configurations can also be hot forged into the wafer surface. This process employs heating the wafer to a malleable condition. The wafer surfaces are subsequently pressed between two die that incorporate the negative pattern to that of the resultant trenches.

Silicon wafer 202 is pre-heated in a heat chamber, or can be heated completely by operation of heated base member 1054, upon which silicon wafer 202 sits. After sufficient time at elevated temperatures has passed, silicon wafer 202 will become malleable. Then, heated die 1052 is forced down upon silicon wafer 202 with sufficient pressure to impress the negative image of heated die 1052 into first side 304 of silicon wafer 202. The design of die 1052 can be such that there are numerous trenches of various bevel angles, depths, lengths and profiles, in order to create virtually any blade design imaginable. The diagram illustrated in FIG. 13 is greatly simplified and exaggerated to clearly show the pertinent features of the hot-forging process.

FIGS. 26-29 illustrate the steps of using a router to machine linear or non-linear trenches in a crystalline material according to an embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 26, through holes 622 have been drilled in the silicon wafer 202. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the through holes 622 are necessary to prevent micro-cracking. As discussed above, the through holes 622 can be made in the silicon wafer 202 by in one of several different methods, including use of a drill, ultrasonic machining, laser, or a laser water-jet, among other methods. The number of through holes 622 is dependent upon the amount of blades to be formed in the silicon wafer 202. Generally, at least two through holes 622 are need for each blade (to begin and end the routing), however, this embodiment of the present invention is not limited to any number of through holes 622.

After all the desired through holes 622 have been drilled in the silicon wafer 202, the router 620 (which shows a counter-clockwise rotation as viewed from above), is lowered into a through-hole 622 after it has been brought up to a certain rotational velocity. The router 620 is lowered to the desired depth and moves in the desired direction according to software control. See FIG. 27. The software control controls the depth the router 620 is lowered (and raised when routing is completed), the X-Y direction the router 620 travels in silicon wafer 202, and the speed it moves in the X-Y direction. Router 620 geometry is driven by the required slope angle for the future blade shape. For example, surgical blades used for specific purposes can require blades of specific included angles as well as of specific designs. FIG. 28 illustrates the slope the router 620 creates when routing the silicon wafer 202. For example, if a double-beveled blade requires an enclosed angle of 30°, the router angle should be 150°.

Use of the router 620 provides a relatively inexpensive means for providing linear and non-linear trenches in a silicon wafer 202. As seen in FIG. 29, a single blade can have both linear and non-linear portions. Using a single, inexpensive tool to create the trenches saves time and money in the blade manufacturing process, thereby reducing manufacturing and sales costs.

FIG. 30 illustrates a flow diagram of a method for routing linear or non-linear trenches in a crystalline material according to an embodiment of the invention. In step 604, a separate machine process provides the required number of though holes 622 in silicon wafer 202. In step 606, after the router 620 has been brought up to the desired rotational velocity, it is inserted into the first through-hole 622 to the desired depth. The software control then proceeds to move the router 620 according to the prescribed pattern, producing a trench of desired bevel angle and design (step 608). When the router encounters the last through-hole 622, software control enables the router 620 to be retracted (step 610). The process can be repeated as many times as is necessary to produce the optimum amount of blades on a silicon wafer 202 (step 612).

Having discussed the several methods for machining trenches, attention is again redirected to FIG. 1. Following step 1008, in which the trenches are machined into first side 304 of silicon wafer 202, a decision must be made, in decision step 2001, as to whether to coat the silicon wafer 202. FIG. 14 illustrates a silicon wafer with machined trenches on both sides, and a coating applied to one of the machined sides, according to an embodiment of the present invention. If a coating is to be applied, then coating 1102 can be applied to first side 304 of silicon wafer 202 in step 2002 according to one of many techniques known to those skilled in the art of the invention. Coating 1102 is supplied to facilitate etching control and to provide additional strength to the resultant blade edge. Silicon wafer 202 is placed in a deposition chamber where the entire first side 304 of silicon wafer 202—including the flat area and the trenched area—is coated with a thin layer of silicon nitride (Si₃N₄). The resultant coating 1102 thickness can range from 10 nm to 2 microns. The coating 1102 can be comprised of any material that is harder than the silicon (crystalline) wafer 202. Specifically, coating 1102 can also be comprised of titanium nitride (TiN), aluminum titanium nitride (AlTiN), silicon dioxide (SiO₂), silicon carbide (SiC), titanium carbide (TiC), boron nitride (BN) or diamond-like-crystals (DLC). Coatings for double bevel surgical blades will be discussed again in greater detail below, in reference to FIGS. 18A and 18B.

After coating 1102 has been applied in optional step 2002, the next step is step 2003, dismounting and remounting (step 2003 can also follow step 1008 if no coating was applied). In step 2003, silicon wafer 202 is dismounted from tape 308 utilizing the same standard mounting machine. The machine dismounts silicon wafer 202 by radiating ultra-violet (UV) light onto the UV sensitive tape 308 to reduce its tackiness. Low tack or heat release tape can also be used in lieu of UV sensitive tape 308. After sufficient UV light exposure, silicon wafer 202 can be easily lifted from the tape mounting. Silicon wafer 202 is then remounted, with second side 306 facing up, in preparation for machine trenching of second side 306.

Step 2004 is then performed on silicon wafer 202. In step 2004, trenches are machined into second side 306 of silicon wafer 202, as was done in step 1008, in order to create double bevel silicon based surgical blades. FIG. 15 illustrates a cross-section view of a dicing saw blade 502 machining a second trench in silicon wafer 202 that is tape mounted, according to an embodiment of the invention. Of course, excimer laser 902, ultrasonic machine tool 100 or the hot-forging process can also be used to machine the second trench in silicon wafer 202. In FIG. 15, dicing saw blade 502 is shown machining a second trench onto second side 306 of silicon wafer 202. Coating 1102 is shown having been optionally applied in step 2002. FIGS. 10A and 10B show the resulting single and double bevel cuts respectively. In FIG. 10A a single cut has been made on the silicon wafer 202 resulting in cutting angle Φ in a single blade assembly. In FIG. 10B, a second trench has been machined into silicon wafer 202 (by any of the aforementioned trench machining processes) with the same angle as the first trench. The result is a double bevel silicon based surgical blade, with each cutting edge exhibiting a cutting angle of Φ, yielding a double bevel angle of 2Φ. FIG. 16 illustrates a cross-section image of a silicon wafer that has been machined trenched on both sides, according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 31A-31C illustrate a double bevel multiple facet blade manufactured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 31A, the double bevel multiple facet blade 700 is shown from a top perspective view. The double bevel multiple facet blade 700 is a quadruple facet blade manufactured in accordance with the methods described herein. Angle θ₁ depicts the included bevel angle of the first set of facets 704 a, 704 b, and angle θ₂ depicts the included bevel angle of the second set of facets 704 c and 704 d.

The bevels and facets illustrated in the double bevel multiple facet blade 700 can be manufactured by any of the trenching methods described above. For example, laser beam 904 can be used to machine the trenches to form the bevels in the double bevel multiple facet blade 700. Laser beam 904 can make a first pass, machining a first trench on a first side of the wafer, machining a first trench, and the make a second pass, suitably spaced, to machine a second trench. Likewise, the first multiple bevel blade 700 can also be created from the hot forging process described in greater detail with respect to FIG. 13. Furthermore, any of the methods described above for machining trenches can be used to machine multiple trenches to form the double bevel multiple facet blade 700 as illustrated in FIGS. 31A-31C.

FIGS. 32A-32D illustrate a variable double bevel blade manufactured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 32A, the variable double bevel blade 702 is shown from a top perspective view. The variable double bevel blade 702 can be manufactured in accordance with the methods described herein. Angle θ₄ begins obtuse at the blade tip, then becomes more acute towards the shoulder, resulting in angle θ₃. This design strengthens the sharp tip of the variable double bevel blade 702.

The bevel illustrated in the variable double bevel blade 702 can be manufactured by any of the trenching methods described above. For example, laser beam 904 can be used to machine the trench to form the bevel in the variable double bevel blade 702. Laser beam 904 can be adjusted to make the variable bevel by machining the crystalline material according to software program control. Likewise, the first multiple bevel blade 700 can also be created from the hot forging process described in greater detail with respect to FIG. 13. Furthermore, any of the methods described above for machining trenches can be used to machine multiple trenches to form the variable double bevel blade 702 as illustrated in FIGS. 32A-32D. FIGS. 32B and 32C illustrate two side perspective views of the variable double bevel blade 702, showing how the bevel angles Φ₃ and Φ₄ vary on the variable double bevel blade 702 according to distance from the tip. FIG. 32D illustrates section view C-C, which is a front view of the variable double bevel blade 702. FIG. 32D illustrates the first, second, third and fourth facets 706 a-d, and the first and second cutting edges 708 a, b.

FIGS. 20B and 20D also illustrate top perspective views of a multiple cutting edge blades that can be manufactured with multiple bevel angles. The methods described herein can manufacture blades, for example those shown in FIGS. 20B and 20D, wherein each cutting edge has a different bevel angle. In FIGS. 20B and 20D there are four cutting edges and each can have a different single or double bevel angle. Additionally, each bevel angle can have one or more facets, as described above. These are shown for exemplary purposes only, and are not meant to limit the embodiments of the invention described herein.

Following machine trench step 2004, a decision must be made in decision step 2005, as to whether to etch the double machine trenched silicon wafer 202 in step 1018, or dice the double machine trenched silicon wafer 202 in step 1016. Dicing step 1016 can be performed by a dicing saw blade, laser beam (e.g., an excimer laser, or laser waterjet 402). Dicing provides for the resultant strips to be etched (in step 1018) in custom fixtures in lieu of wafer boats (discussed in detail below).

FIGS. 17A and 17B illustrate an isotropic etching process performed on a silicon wafer with machined trenches on both sides, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In etching step 1018, the machined silicon wafer 202 is dismounted from tape 308. Silicon wafer 202 is then placed in a wafer boat and immersed in an isotropic acid bath 1400. The etchant's 1402 temperature, concentration and agitation are controlled to maximize the uniformity of the etch process. The preferred isotropic etchant 1402 used is comprised of hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, and acetic acid (HNA). Other combinations and concentrations can be used to achieve the same purpose. For example, water can be exchanged for the acetic acid. Spray etching, isotropic xenon diflouride gas etching, and electrolytic etching, in lieu of immersion etching, can also be used to achieve the same results. Another example of a compound that can be used in gas etching is sulfur hexafluoride, or other similar fluorinated gases.

The etching process will uniformly etch both sides of silicon wafer 202 and its respective trenches until the opposing trench profiles intersect. Silicon wafer 202 will be immediately removed from etchant 1402 and rinsed once this occurs. The expected cutting edge radius attained by this process ranges from 5 nm to 500 nm.

Isotropic chemical etching is a process that is used to remove silicon in a uniform manner. In the manufacturing process according to an embodiment of the present invention, the wafer surface profile that was produced with the machining described above is uniformly brought down to intersect with the profile on the opposing side of the wafer (if single bevel blades are desired, the non-machined opposing silicon wafer surface will be intersected). Isotropic etching is used in order to achieve the desired blade sharpness while preserving the blade angle. Attempts to intersect the wafer profiles by machining alone fail because the desired edge geometry is too delicate to withstand the machining mechanical and thermal forces. Each of the acidic components of isotropic etchant (etchant) 1402 has a specific function in isotropic acid bath 1400. First, nitric acid oxidizes the exposed silicon, and secondly, hydrofluoric acid removes the oxidized silicon. Acetic acid acts as a diluent during this process. Precise control of composition, temperature and agitation is necessary to achieve repeatable results.

In FIG. 17A silicon wafer 202, with no coating 1102, has been placed in isotropic etch bath 1400. Note that each surgical blade, first surgical blade 1404, second surgical blade 1406, and third surgical blade 1408, are connected to each other. As etchant 1402 works on the silicon, one layer after another of molecules is removed over time, decreasing the width of the silicon (i.e., the surgical blade) until the two angles, 1410 and 1412 (of first surgical blade 1404), intersect at the point where they are joined to the next surgical blade (second surgical blade 1406). The result is that several surgical blades (1404, 1406 and 1408) are formed. Note that the same angles have been maintained throughout the isotropic etching process, except that less silicon material remains because it has been dissolved by etchant 1402.

FIGS. 18A and 18B illustrate an isotropic etching process on a silicon wafer with machined trenches on both sides, and a coating layer on one side, according to another embodiment of the present invention. In FIGS. 18A and 18B, tape 308 and coating 1102 have been left on silicon wafer 202 so that the etching process only acts upon second side 306 of silicon wafer 202. It is not necessary that the wafer be mounted on tape during the etching process; this is only a manufacturing option. Again, isotropic etch material 1402 works upon the exposed silicon wafer 202 solely, removing silicon material (one layer after another), but maintaining the same angle as was machined in step 2004 (because this is second side 306). As a result, in FIG. 18B, silicon based surgical blades 1504, 1506 and 1508 have the same angle as was machined in steps 1008 and 2004, on first side 304, because of tape 308 and optional coating 1102, and on second side 306, because isotropic etchant 1402 removes uniform layers of silicon molecules along the machined trench surface. First side 304 of silicon wafer 202 has not been etched at all, providing additional strength to the finished silicon based surgical blade.

Another benefit of using optional step 2002, applying coating 1102 to first side 304 of silicon wafer 202, is that the cutting edge (the first machined trench side) is composed of coating 1102 (which is preferably comprised of a layer of silicon nitride) that possesses stronger material properties than the base silicon material. Therefore, the process of applying coating 1102 results in a cutting edge that is stronger and more durable. Coating 1102 also provides a wear-barrier to the blade surface which can be desirable for blades that come in contact with steel in electromechanical reciprocating blade devices. Table I illustrates typical strength-indicating specifications of a silicon based surgical blade manufactured without coating 1102 (silicon) and with coating 1102 (silicon nitride). TABLE I Property Silicon Silicon Nitride Young's Modulus (GPa) 160 323 Yield Strength (GPa) 7 14

Young's Modulus (also known as the modulus of elasticity) is a measurement of a material's inherent stiffness. The higher the modulus, the stiffer the material. Yield strength is the point at which a material, under load, will transition from elastic to plastic deformation. In other words, it is the point at which the material will no longer flex, but will permanently warp or break. After etching (with or without coating 1102), the etched silicon wafer 202 is thoroughly rinsed and cleaned to remove all residual etchant 1402 chemicals.

FIG. 19 illustrates a resultant cutting edge of a double bevel silicon surgical blade with a coating on one side manufactured according to an embodiment of the present invention. The cutting edge 1602 typically has a radius of 5 to 500 nanometers which is similar to that of a diamond surgical blade, but manufactured at much less cost. After the etching process of step 1018 has been performed, silicon based surgical blades can be mounted according to step 1020, which is the same as mounting steps 1002 and step 2003.

Following mounting step 1020, the silicon based surgical blades (silicon blades) can be singulated in step 1022, which means that each silicon blade is cut apart through use of a dicing saw blade, laser beam (e.g., laser waterjet 402 or an excimer laser), or other suitable means to separate the silicon blades from each other. As one skilled in the art can appreciate, lasers with certain wavelengths within the range of 150 nm to 11,000 nm can also be used. An example of a laser in this wavelength range is an excimer laser. The uniqueness of the laser waterjet (a YAG laser) is that it can scroll curvilinear, interrupted patterns in the wafer. This provides the manufacturer the flexibility to make virtually an unlimited number of non-cutting edge blade profiles. The laser waterjet uses a stream of water as a waveguide that allows the laser to cut like a band saw. This cannot be achieved with the current state of the art dicing machines, which, as mentioned above, can only dice in continuous, straight-line patterns.

In step 1024 the singulated surgical silicon blades are picked and placed on blade handle assemblies, according to the particular desires of the customers. Prior to actual “picking and placing” however, the etched silicon wafers 202 (being mounted on either tape and frame or on a tape/wafer frame) are radiated by ultraviolet (UV) light in the wafer mounting machine to reduce tape 308 tackiness. Silicon wafers 202, still on the “reduced tackiness” tape and frame, or tape/wafer frame, are then loaded into a commercially available die-attach assembly system. Recall from above it was discussed that the order of certain steps can be interchanged according to various manufacturing environments. One such example are the steps of singulation and radiation by UV light: these steps can be interchanged if necessary.

The die-attach assembly system will remove the individual etched silicon surgical blades from the “reduced tackiness” tape and wafer or tape/wafer frame, and will attach the silicon surgical blades to their respective holders within the desired tolerance. An epoxy or adhesive will be used to mount the two components. Other assembly methods can be used to attach the silicon surgical blade to its respective substrate, including heat staking, ultrasonic staking, ultrasonic welding, laser welding or eutectic bonding. Lastly in step 1026, the fully assembled silicon surgical blades with handles, are packaged to ensure sterility and safety, and transported for use according to the design of the silicon surgical blade.

Another assembly method that can be used to mount the surgical blade to its holder involves another use of slots. Slots, as discussed above, can be created by the laser water-jet or excimer laser, and were used to provide an opening for the dicing saw blade to engage the silicon wafer 202 when machining trenches. An additional use of slots can be to provide a receptacle in the blade for one or more posts in a holder. FIG. 24 illustrates such an arrangement. In FIG. 24, finished surgical blade 2402 has had two slots 2404 a, 2404 b created in its holder interface region 2406. These interface with posts 2408 a, 2408 b of blade holder 2410. The slots can be cut into the silicon wafer 202 at any point in the manufacturing process, but preferably can be done prior to singulation of the surgical blades. Prior to being interfaced, an adhesive can be applied to the appropriate areas, assuring a tight hold. Then, cover 2412 can be glued as shown, to provide a finished appearance to the final product. The purpose for implementing the post-slot assembly is that it provides additional resistance to any pulling force that blade 2402 might encounter during a cutting procedure.

Having described the manufacturing process for a double bevel silicon-based surgical blade, attention is turned to FIG. 2, which illustrates a flow diagram of a method for manufacturing a single bevel surgical blade from silicon according to a second embodiment of the present invention. Steps 1002, 1004, 1006, 1008 of FIG. 1 are the same for the method illustrated in FIG. 2, and therefore will not be repeated. However, the method for manufacturing a single bevel surgical blade differs in the next step, step 1010, from the method for manufacturing a double bevel blade, and therefore, will be discussed in detail.

Following step 1008 decision step 1010 determines whether the machined silicon wafer 202 will be dismounted from silicon wafer mounting assembly 204. If the single trench silicon wafers 202 were to be dismounted (in step 1012), then a further option is to dice the single trench wafers in step 1016. In optional dismounting step 1012, the silicon wafer 202 is dismounted from tape 308 utilizing the same standard mounting machine.

If silicon wafer 202 was dismounted in step 1012, then optionally the silicon wafer 202 can be diced (i.e., silicon wafer 202 cut apart into strips) in step 1016. Dicing step 1016 can be performed by a dicing blade, excimer laser 902, or laser waterjet 402. Dicing provides for the resultant strips to be etched (in step 1018) in custom fixtures in lieu of wafer boats (discussed in detail below). Following either the dicing step of 1016, the dismounting step of 1012, or the machine trench step of 1008, the next step in the method for manufacturing a single bevel silicon based surgical blade is step 1018. Step 1018 is the etching step, which has already been discussed in detail above. Thereafter, steps 1020, 1022, 1024 and 1026 follow, all of which have been described in detail above in reference to the manufacture of a double bevel silicon based surgical blade, and therefore do not need to be discussed again.

FIG. 3 illustrates a flow diagram of an alternative method for manufacturing a single bevel surgical blade from silicon according to a third embodiment of the present invention. The method illustrated in FIG. 3 is identical to that illustrated in FIG. 2, through steps 1002, 1004, 1006, 1008. After step 1008 in FIG. 3, however, there is coating step 2002. The coating step 2002 was described above in reference to FIG. 1, and need not be discussed in detail again. The result of the coating step is the same as was described previously: the machined side of silicon wafer 202 has a layer 1102 over it.

Following the coating step 2002, the silicon wafer 202 is dismounted and remounted in step 2003. This step is also identical as was previously discussed in reference to FIG. 1 (step 2003). The result is that the coated side of silicon wafer 202 is face down on the mounting assembly 204. Thereafter, steps 1018, 1020, 1022, 1024 and 1026 take place, all of which have been described in detail above. The net result is a single bevel surgical blade, with the first side 304 (machined side) provided with a layer of coating 1102 to improve the strength and durability of the surgical blade. FIGS. 23A and 23B illustrate and describe the single bevel coated surgical blade in greater detail.

FIGS. 23A and 23B illustrate an isotropic etching process on a silicon wafer with a machined trench on one side, and a coating layer on an opposite side according to a further embodiment of the present invention. As described above, silicon wafer 202 has coating 1102 applied to first side 304 which is then mounted onto tape 308, thus coming in close contact with it, as shown in FIG. 23A. Silicon wafer 202 is then placed in bath 1400, which contains etchant 1402, as discussed in detail above. Etchant 1402 begins to etch the second side 306 (“top side”) of silicon wafer 202, removing one layer after another of silicon molecules. After a period of time, silicon wafer 202 has its thickness reduced by etchant 1402 until second side 306 comes in contact with first side 304 and coating 1102. The result is a silicon nitride coated single bevel silicon based surgical blade. All of the aforementioned advantages of having a silicon nitride (or coated) blade edge apply equally to this type of blade as shown and discussed in reference to FIGS. 18A, 18B and 19.

FIGS. 20A-20G illustrate various examples of silicon based surgical blades that can be manufactured in accordance with the method of the present invention. Various blade designs can be manufactured utilizing this process. Blades with single bevels, symmetric and asymmetric double bevels, and curvilinear cutting edges can be produced. For single bevels, the machining is only performed on one side of the wafer. Various blade profiles can be made, such as single edge chisel (FIG. 20A), three edge chisel (FIG. 20B), slit, two edges sharp (FIG. 20C), slit, four edges sharp (FIG. 20D), stab, one edge sharp (FIG. 20E), keratome, one edge sharp (FIG. 20F) and crescent, curvilinear sharp edge (FIG. 20G). The profile angles, widths, lengths, thicknesses, and bevel angles can be varied with this process. This process can be combined with traditional photolithography to produce more variations and features.

FIGS. 21A and 21B illustrate a side view of a silicon surgical blade manufactured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, and a stainless steel surgical blade, at 5,000× magnification, respectively. Note the difference between FIGS. 21A and 21B. FIG. 21A is much smoother and more uniform. FIGS. 22A and 22B illustrate top views of the blade edge of a silicon surgical blade manufactured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention and a stainless steel blade, at 10,000× magnification, respectively. Again, the difference between FIG. 22A and FIG. 22B is that the former, the result of the method according to an embodiment of the invention, is much smoother and more uniform than the stainless steel blade of FIG. 22B.

FIGS. 25A and 25B illustrate profile perspectives of a blade edge made of a crystalline material, and a blade edge made of a crystalline material that includes a layer conversion process in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. In another embodiment of the invention, it is possible to chemically convert the surface of the substrate material to a new material 2504 after etching the silicon wafer. This step can also be referred to as a “thermal oxidation, nitride conversion” or “silicon carbide conversion of the silicon surface” step. Other compounds can be created depending on which elements are allowed to interact with the substrate/blade material. The benefit of converting the surface of the blade to a compound of the substrate material is that the new material/surface (or conversion layer) can be selected such that a harder cutting edge is created. But unlike a coating, the cutting edge of the blade maintains the geometry and sharpness of the post etch step. Note that in FIGS. 25A and 25B, the depth of the silicon blade has not changed because of the conversion process; “D1” (the depth of the silicon-only blade) is equal to “D2” (the depth of the silicon blade with a conversion layer 2504).

FIGS. 33A-36C illustrate several examples of surgical blades that can be used for ophthalmic purposes and manufactured in accordance with the methods of the present invention. FIGS. 33A-33D illustrate a first and second embodiment of a first example of a surgical blade that can be used for ophthalmic and other micro-surgical purposes manufactured in accordance with the methods of the present invention. FIGS. 33A-C illustrates a slit blade/knife 720 that can be used for ophthalmic cataract surgery purposes. Slit blade/knife 720 has a first bevel set 722 a and a second bevel set 722 b. The first and second bevel sets 722 a, 722 b can be a single bevel each, of the same or different angles, a double bevel each, of the same or different angles, or each bevel set 722 a, 722 b can be multiple bevels each, as well as one or more facets. The combination of bevel angles, blade angle, thickness and number of facets are all design criteria that can be changed dependent upon the particular use of the slit blade/knife 720, and which can be manufactured according the methods disclosed herein in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 33B illustrates a top view of the slit blade/knife 720, and shows a first and second single bevel 722 a, b, a first and second cutting edge 714 a, b, centerline 712 and apex 715. FIG. 33D illustrates a second embodiment of the slit blade/knife 720. This view, which is similar to that of FIG. 33C, shows the first cutting edge 714 a and first and third bevels 722 a, c. First and second sides are shown as features 716 a, b.

FIGS. 34A-34C illustrate a second example of a surgical blade that can be used for ophthalmic and other micro-surgical purposes manufactured in accordance with the methods of the present invention. FIGS. 34A-34C illustrate a microkeratome blade 724 that can be used in refractive (LASIK™) ophthalmic surgery. The microkeratome blade 724 has one bevel 726, which can be either a single or double bevel, with one or more facets. The combination of bevel angles, facets, placement and arrangement thereof, for the surgical blades illustrated in FIGS. 33A-36C and also elsewhere herein, are essentially limitless. The microkeratome blade 724 illustrates a double bevel 726 (first bevel 726 a and second bevel 726 b). Holes 728 a and 728 b can be used for mounting the microkeratome blade 724 to a handle, as described above. FIGS. 34B and 34C illustrate cutting edge 718, and first and second sides 719 a, b of microkeratome blade 724.

FIGS. 35A-35C illustrate a third example of a surgical blade that can be used for ophthalmic and other micro-surgical purposes manufactured in accordance with the methods of the present invention. FIGS. 35A-35C illustrate a pocket blade/knife 730 that can be used in cataract ophthalmic surgery. The pocket blade/knife 730 illustrated in FIGS. 35A-35C has a single and substantially circular blade. The circular shape is preferred, but is not essential; other curved shapes (such as elliptical shapes) can also be used instead. The blade can be a single, double or multiple bevel blade, or any combination thereof, as discussed above. As can be seen in FIGS. 35B and 35C, bevel 742 forms cutting edge 732. The bevel is formed by machining the crystalline wafer from a first point 744 a to second point 744 b, at a substantially constant radius 748 (in the case of a circular blade) for an arc of θ degrees. Generally, the pocket blade/knife 730 is symmetrical, so that the bevel is formed about a center point 746 and centerline 750.

FIGS. 36A-36C illustrate a fourth example of a surgical blade that can be used for ophthalmic and other micro-surgical purposes manufactured in accordance with the methods of the present invention. FIGS. 36A-36C illustrate a crescent blade/knife 734 that can be used in cataract ophthalmic surgery. The crescent blade/knife 734 illustrated in FIGS. 36A-36C has a single and oval-shaped blade. Again, the oval shape is preferred but not essential. The crescent blade/knife 734 has preferably a single bevel angle blade, but the blade can be a single or double bevel blade, with each bevel having one or more facets, or any combination thereof, as discussed above. As can be seen in FIGS. 36B and 36C, cutting edge 736 is formed by machining (and subsequent etching) of bevel 752. The bevel 752 is machined from a first point 756 a for a first distance to second point 756 b, at an angle θ to a centerline 754. At second point 756 b, the bevel becomes substantially circular, with a fixed radius, and is machined for an angle Φ (in this case about 180 degrees), to a third point 756 c. Thereafter, the bevel continues to be machined in a linear fashion at angle θ (with respect to the centerline 754) for a first distance to fourth point 756 d. Again, as in the blade of FIGS. 33A-C, the crescent blade/knife 734 is substantially symmetrical, therefore the distance from the first to the second point and the distance from the third to the fourth point are substantially equal.

Referring to FIG. 1, after step 1018 a decision is made to convert the surface (decision step 1019). If a conversion layer is to be added (“Yes” path from decision step 1019), a conversion layer is added in step 1021. The method then proceeds to step 1020. If no conversion layer is to be added (“No” path from decision step 1019), the method proceeds to step 1020. The conversion process requires diffusion or high temperature furnaces. The substrate is heated under vacuum or in an inert environment to a temperature in excess of 500° C. Selected gasses are metered into the furnace in controlled concentrations and as a result of the high temperature they diffuse into the silicon. As they diffuse into the silicon they react with the silicon to form a new compound. Since the new material is created by diffusion and chemical reaction with the substrate rather then applying a coating, the original geometry (sharpness) of the silicon blade is preserved. An additional benefit of the conversion process is that the optical index of refraction of the converted layer is different than that of the substrate so the blade appears to be colored. The color depends both on the composition of the converted material and its thickness.

A single crystal substrate material that has been converted at the surface also exhibits superior fracture and wear resistance than a non-converted blade. By changing the surface to a harder material the tendency of the substrate to form crack initiation sites and cleave along crystalline planes is reduced.

A further example of a manufacturing step that can be performed with some interchangeability is a matte-finish step. Often, especially when manufactured in the preferred embodiment of surgical blades, the silicon surface of the blade will be highly reflective. This can be distracting to the surgeon if the blade is being used under a microscope with a source of illumination. Therefore, the surface of the blade can be provided with a matte finish that diffuses incident light (from a high-intensity lamp used during surgical procedure, for example), making it appear dull, as opposed to shiny. The matte finish is created by radiating the blade surface with a suitable laser, to ablate regions in the blade surface according to specific patterns and densities. The ablated regions are made in the shape of a circle because that is generally the shape of the emitted laser beam, though that need not be the case. The dimension of the circular ablated regions ranges from 25-50 microns in diameter, and again is dependent upon the manufacturer and type of laser used. The depth of the circular ablated regions ranges from 10-25 microns.

The “density” of circular ablated regions refers to the total percentage surface area covered by the circular ablated regions. An “ablated region density” of about 5% dulls the blade noticeably, from its normally smooth, mirror-like appearance. However, co-locating all the ablated regions does not affect the mirror-like effect of the balance of the blade. Therefore, the circular ablated regions are applied throughput the surface area of the blade, but in a random fashion. In practice, a graphic file can be generated that randomly locates the depressions, but achieves the desired effect of a specific ablated region density and randomness to the pattern. This graphic file can be created manually, or automatically by a program in a computer. An additional feature that can be implemented is the inscription of serial numbers, manufacturer logos, or the surgeon's or hospital's name on the blade itself.

Typically, a gantry laser can be used to create the matte finish on the blades, or a galvo-head laser machine. The former is slow, but extremely accurate, and the latter is fast, but not as accurate as the gantry. Since the overall accuracy is not vital, and speed of manufacturing directly affects cost, the galvo-head laser machine is the preferred tool. It is capable of moving thousands of millimeters per second, providing an overall ablated region etch time of about five seconds for a typical surgical blade.

FIGS. 37A-37C illustrate additional views of a surgical blade 340 manufactured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 37A, various parameters of surgical blades are illustrated. For example, the side cutting length, tip-to shoulder length and profile angle are all shown. The values for each parameter will differ, depending on the design and expected usage of the blade. Because of the benefits of the method for manufacturing surgical and non-surgical blades (as described below), however, the profile angle of certain surgical blades manufactured in accordance with these methods can be made smaller than typically encountered. For purposes of illustration only, and not to be taken in a limiting sense, profile angles of about 60° can be obtained for a particular blade profile in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. FIGS. 37B and 37C illustrate additional parameters discussed above.

An additional industry term and parameter well known to those skill in the art is the edge radius of the blade. The “cutting radius” or “edge radius” is the radius of the sharpened edge that cuts the skin, eye (in the case of ophthalmic uses) or other materials/substances. If, for example, a surgeon is using a blade to cut or incise an eye of a patient, it is very important, if not critical, that the blade used be as sharp as possible. FIGS. 38A and 38B illustrate the edge radius of a surgical blade manufactured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 38B is a view along lines A-A of blade 350 of FIG. 38A. Blades (surgical or non-surgical) manufactured in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention as described herein below, can have an edge radius in the range of about 30 nm to about 60 nm, and in one embodiment of the present invention, can have an edge radius of about 40 nm. Tables II and III illustrate raw date accumulated in measurements of edge radii of metal blades and edge radii of silicon blades manufactured in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention described herein below. This data is summarized in FIG. 39 by first curve 362, which illustrates that the range of edge radii for blades manufactured in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention described herein, is considerably smaller than the range of edge radii for metal blades as shown in FIG. 39 by second curve 364. A smaller edge radius produces a sharper blade. TABLE II EDGE RADII - METAL BLADES Blade Meas. # Radius Avg. Stdev ACC1 1 784 Avg. Radius of all 2 1220 Metal Blades 3 975 1296 nm 4 1180 Std. Dev. of all 5 1345 1101 222 Metal Blades ACC2 1 1190  269 nm 2 1430 3 1180 4 1170 5 1740 1342 248 ACC3 1 1600 2 1250 3 905 4 940 5 1220 1183 281 ACC4 1 1430 2 1290 3 1380 4 1460 5 1670 1446 141 ACC5 1 1600 2 1150 3 923 4 992 5 1110 1155 265 ACC6 1 1530 2 1240 3 1810 4 1670 5 1500 1550 213

TABLE III EDGE RADII - SILICON BLADES Blade Meas. Radius Avg. Stdev 1 1 41 Avg. Radius of all Silicon 2 54 33.7  3 47 Std. Dev. Of all Silicon 4 56  9.77 5 48 49.2 5.97 2 1 19 2 28 3 24 4 22 5 22 23 3.32 3 1 31 2 35 3 35 4 39 5 39 35.8 3.35 4 1 28 2 35 3 39 4 43 5 30 35 6.20 5 1 35 2 32 3 33 4 37 5 28 33 3.39 6 1 28 2 35 3 15 4 22 5 31 26.2 7.85

As discussed above, the conversion step (shown in FIG. 1 as step 1021), changes the material of the substrate into a new compound (see FIGS. 25A and 25B). Elements and compounds that can be used in the conversion process include oxygen or H₂O (which if the substrate material is silicon will create silicon dioxide (SiO₂)), ammonia or nitrogen (to create silicon nitride (SiN₃)), or any carbon-based compound (to create silicon carbide (SiC)). Other elements can be used with silicon or other substrate materials, as is well known in the semiconductor industry. The conversion layer (that part of the substrate material that is converted into a new compound) is relatively thin compared to the bulk of the blade. The practical thickness is from about 0.1 microns to about 10.0 microns. Any of the blades created by any of the methods described herein can be subjected to the conversion process to create a conversion layer. This method step can also be added to any of the methods described above for making blades from substrate materials.

The present invention has been described with reference to certain exemplary embodiments thereof. However, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that it is possible to embody the invention in specific forms other than those of the exemplary embodiments described above. This may be done without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The exemplary embodiment is merely illustrative and should not be considered restrictive in any way. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents, rather than by the preceding description. 

1. A method for manufacturing at least one cutting device from a wafer of crystalline material, comprising: machining a first blade profile in the wafer of crystalline material on its first side, wherein the first blade profile comprises a first facet that comprises a cutting edge of the at least one cutting device, and the first blade profile further comprises a second facet adjacent to the first facet; machining a second blade profile in the wafer of crystalline material on its second side, wherein the second blade profile comprises a third facet that comprises, along with the first facet, the cutting edge of the at least one cutting device, and the second blade profile further comprises a fourth facet adjacent to the third facet; and etching the wafer of crystalline material to form the at least one cutting device.
 2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: singulating the at least one etched crystalline material cutting device.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of etching comprises: forming a first included angle that comprises the first angle of the first bevel; and forming a second included angle that comprises the second angle of the second bevel.
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of machining a first blade profile in the wafer of crystalline material on its first side comprises: machining the first facet at a first angle; and machining the second facet at a second angle.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of machining a second blade profile in the wafer of crystalline material on its first side comprises: machining the third facet at the first angle; and machining the fourth facet at the second angle.
 6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: coating the first side of the machined wafer of crystalline material.
 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the coating step comprises: coating the first side of the machined wafer of crystalline material with a layer of material selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride, titanium nitride, aluminum titanium nitride, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, titanium carbide, boron nitride, and diamond-like-crystals.
 8. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: coating the first side of the wafer of crystalline material after the step of machining the wafer of crystalline material; and mounting the wafer of crystalline material on its first side prior to the step of etching.
 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the coating step comprises: coating the first side of the formed wafer of crystalline material with a layer of material selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride, titanium nitride, aluminum titanium nitride, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, titanium carbide, boron nitride, and diamond-like-crystals.
 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the crystalline material comprises silicon.
 11. A cutting device made according to the method of claim
 1. 12. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: forming a conversion layer on the surface of the at least one cutting device.
 13. A method for manufacturing at least one cutting device from a wafer of crystalline material, comprising: machining a first variable blade profile in the wafer of crystalline material on its first side, wherein the first variable blade profile comprises a first facet that comprises a first cutting edge of the cutting device, and varies from a first angle at an apex of the cutting device to a second angle at a first distance from the apex of the cutting device, and wherein the first cutting edge is formed by the machining of the first blade profile from the apex of the cutting device at a third angle with respect to a centerline of the cutting device; machining a second variable blade profile in the wafer of crystalline material on its first side, wherein the second variable blade profile comprises a second facet that comprises a second cutting edge of the cutting device, and varies from a first angle at an apex of the cutting device to a second angle at a first distance from the apex of the cutting device, and wherein the second cutting edge is formed by the machining of the first blade profile from the apex of the cutting device at a third angle with respect to a centerline of the cutting device to a point substantially directly opposite where the first blade profile ends; machining a third variable blade profile in the wafer of crystalline material on its second side, wherein the third variable blade profile comprises a third facet that comprises the first cutting edge of the cutting device, and varies from a first angle at the apex of the cutting device to a second angle at a first distance from the apex of the cutting device, and wherein the first cutting edge is formed by the machining of the third variable blade profile from the apex of the cutting device at a third angle with respect to a centerline of the cutting device to a point substantially directly underneath the point where the first variable blade profile ends; machining a fourth variable blade profile in the wafer of crystalline material on its second side, wherein the fourth variable blade profile comprises a fourth facet that comprises the second cutting edge of the cutting device, and varies from a first angle at the apex of the cutting device to a second angle at a first distance from the apex of the cutting device, and wherein the second cutting edge is formed by the machining of the fourth variable blade profile from the apex of the cutting device at a third angle with respect to the centerline of the cutting device to a point substantially directly underneath the point where the second variable blade profile ends; and etching the wafer of crystalline material to form the at least one cutting device.
 14. The method according to claim 13, further comprising: singulating the at least one etched crystalline material cutting device.
 15. The method according to claim 13, further comprising: coating the first side of the machined wafer of crystalline material.
 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the coating step comprises: coating the first side of the machined wafer of crystalline material with a layer of material selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride, titanium nitride, aluminum titanium nitride, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, titanium carbide, boron nitride, and diamond-like-crystals.
 17. The method according to claim 13, further comprising: coating the first side of the wafer of crystalline material after the step of machining the wafer of crystalline material; and mounting the wafer of crystalline material on its first side prior to the step of etching.
 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the coating step comprises: coating the first side of the formed wafer of crystalline material with a layer of material selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride, titanium nitride, aluminum titanium nitride, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, titanium carbide, boron nitride, and diamond-like-crystals.
 19. The method according to claim 13, wherein the crystalline material comprises silicon.
 20. A cutting device made according to the method of claim
 13. 21. The method according to claim 13, further comprising: forming a conversion layer on the surface of the at least one cutting device.
 22. A method for manufacturing at least one cutting device from a wafer of crystalline material, comprising: machining a first curved blade profile in the wafer of crystalline material on its first side, wherein the first curved blade profile comprises a first facet that comprises a first cutting edge of the cutting device, and wherein the first cutting edge is formed by the machining of the first blade profile from an apex of the cutting device at about a first angle with respect to a centerline of the cutting device for about a first distance; machining a second curved blade profile in the wafer of crystalline material on its first side, wherein the second curved blade profile comprises a second facet that comprises a second cutting edge of the cutting device, and wherein the second cutting edge is formed by the machining of the first blade profile from the apex of the cutting device at about the first angle with respect to a centerline of the cutting device for about the first distance; and etching the wafer of crystalline material to form the at least one cutting device.
 23. The method according to claim 22, further comprising: singulating the at least one etched crystalline material cutting device.
 24. The method according to claim 22, further comprising: coating the first side of the machined wafer of crystalline material.
 25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the coating step comprises: coating the first side of the machined wafer of crystalline material with a layer of material selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride, titanium nitride, aluminum titanium nitride, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, titanium carbide, boron nitride, and diamond-like-crystals.
 26. The method according to claim 22, further comprising: coating the first side of the wafer of crystalline material after the step of machining the wafer of crystalline material; and mounting the wafer of crystalline material on its first side prior to the step of etching.
 27. The method according to claim 26, wherein the coating step comprises: coating the first side of the formed wafer of crystalline material with a layer of material selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride, titanium nitride, aluminum titanium nitride, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, titanium carbide, boron nitride, and diamond-like-crystals.
 28. The method according to claim 22, wherein the crystalline material comprises silicon.
 29. A cutting device made according to the method of claim
 22. 30. The method according to claim 22, further comprising: forming a conversion layer on the surface of the at least one cutting device.
 32. A method for manufacturing at least one cutting device from a wafer of crystalline material, comprising: machining a first bevel in the wafer of crystalline material on its first side, wherein the first bevel comprises a cutting edge of the at least one cutting device; machining a second bevel in the wafer of crystalline material on its second side, wherein the second bevel comprises, along with the first bevel, the cutting edge of the at least one cutting device; and etching the wafer of crystalline material to form the at least one cutting device.
 33. The method according to claim 32, further comprising: singulating the at least one etched crystalline material cutting device.
 34. The method according to claim 32, further comprising: coating the first side of the machined wafer of crystalline material.
 35. The method according to claim 34, wherein the coating step comprises: coating the first side of the machined wafer of crystalline material with a layer of material selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride, titanium nitride, aluminum titanium nitride, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, titanium carbide, boron nitride, and diamond-like-crystals.
 36. The method according to claim 32, further comprising: coating the first side of the wafer of crystalline material after the step of machining the wafer of crystalline material; and mounting the wafer of crystalline material on its first side prior to the step of etching.
 37. The method according to claim 36, wherein the coating step comprises: coating the first side of the formed wafer of crystalline material with a layer of material selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride, titanium nitride, aluminum titanium nitride, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, titanium carbide, boron nitride, and diamond-like-crystals.
 38. The method according to claim 32, wherein the crystalline material comprises silicon.
 39. A cutting device made according to the method of claim
 32. 40. The method according to claim 32, further comprising: forming a conversion layer on the surface of the at least one cutting device.
 41. A method for manufacturing at least one cutting device from a wafer of crystalline material, comprising: machining a bevel in the wafer of crystalline material on its first side, wherein the bevel comprises a cutting edge of the at least one cutting device, and wherein the machining begins at a first point and continues to a second point along an arc at a substantially constant radius for a first angular distance that is substantially circular; and etching the wafer of crystalline material to form the at least one cutting device.
 42. The method according to claim 41, further comprising: singulating the at least one etched crystalline material cutting device.
 43. The method according to claim 41, further comprising: coating the first side of the machined wafer of crystalline material.
 44. The method according to claim 43, wherein the coating step comprises: coating the first side of the machined wafer of crystalline material with a layer of material selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride, titanium nitride, aluminum titanium nitride, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, titanium carbide, boron nitride, and diamond-like-crystals.
 45. The method according to claim 41, further comprising: coating the first side of the wafer of crystalline material after the step of machining the wafer of crystalline material; and mounting the wafer of crystalline material on its first side prior to the step of etching.
 46. The method according to claim 45, wherein the coating step comprises: coating the first side of the formed wafer of crystalline material with a layer of material selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride, titanium nitride, aluminum titanium nitride, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, titanium carbide, boron nitride, and diamond-like-crystals.
 47. The method according to claim 41, wherein the crystalline material comprises silicon.
 48. A cutting device made according to the method of claim
 41. 49. The method according to claim 41, further comprising: forming a conversion layer on the surface of the at least one cutting device.
 50. A method for manufacturing at least one cutting device from a wafer of crystalline material, comprising: machining a bevel in the wafer of crystalline material on its first side, wherein the bevel comprises a cutting edge of the at least one cutting device, and wherein the machining begins at a first point that is at a first angle to a centerline of the cutting device, continues to a second point for a first distance in a linear fashion, then continues from the second point to a third point along an arc at a substantially constant radius for a first angular distance that is substantially circular to a third point, and continues from the third point to a fourth point at about the first angle for about the first distance in a linear fashion; and etching the wafer of crystalline material to form the at least one cutting device.
 51. The method according to claim 50, further comprising: singulating the at least one etched crystalline material cutting device.
 52. The method according to claim 50, further comprising: coating the first side of the machined wafer of crystalline material.
 53. The method according to claim 52, wherein the coating step comprises: coating the first side of the machined wafer of crystalline material with a layer of material selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride, titanium nitride, aluminum titanium nitride, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, titanium carbide, boron nitride, and diamond-like-crystals.
 54. The method according to claim 50, further comprising: coating the first side of the wafer of crystalline material after the step of machining the wafer of crystalline material; and mounting the wafer of crystalline material on its first side prior to the step of etching.
 55. The method according to claim 54, wherein the coating step comprises: coating the first side of the formed wafer of crystalline material with a layer of material selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride, titanium nitride, aluminum titanium nitride, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, titanium carbide, boron nitride, and diamond-like-crystals.
 56. The method according to claim 50, wherein the crystalline material comprises silicon.
 57. A cutting device made according to the method of claim
 50. 58. The method according to claim 50, further comprising: forming a conversion layer on the surface of the at least one cutting device. 